Please use the following format when adding to the glossary. Also, please try to enter your terms in alphabetical order. Please write your name next to your entry. Term: definition
To input your glossary term, place your cursor at the end of the definition or term you want to alphabetically follow, and press enter twice before typing your term in to [[#|create space]] for your entry.
Glossary of Terms EDU 643
IMPORTANTMessage: please feel free to add more details to the definitions already listed below and/or others. Add your own contribution by entering your name -- using your own words so everyone can benefit :-).
Accommodations - Can take place during the assessment process and are actions that allow for students with disabilities or special needs the opportunity to succeed. Tony Reinke ADDIE: This is a [[#|instructional]] [[#|systems design]] model (ISD). It stands for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. Analyse- instructional problem is clarified, goals and objectives are defined, and the environment and lerner characteristics are identified. Design- instructional strategies are disnged and media choices are made. Development- materials are made. Implement- testing of prototypes, creating the project and [[#|training]] learning and instructors. Evaluation- formative evaluations in each stage and summative evaluation tests for criterion-related referenced items to provide feedback from users. Andra Barget
Analyze Phase (ADDIE Model): In this phase components such as the audience, instructional goals, instructional objectives, delivery options, competency, the timeline, learning differences, and pedagogical considerations are all determined prior to the next phase of development. Lisa Graham
ARCS model: This [[#|instructional design]] model was created by John Keller in the 1980’s. The ARCS model, which focuses on the motivational aspects of the learning environment, has two major parts. The first part consists of categories of motivation, which are “arousing interest, creating relevance, developing an expectancy of success, and producing satisfaction through intrinsic/extrinsic rewards” (Keller, 1983). The second part consists of a process in which appropriate motivators are designed specifically for student learners. Jessica Noguera Behaviorism- Based on the belief by John B. Watson that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. A theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning (classical & operant). A body of knowledge to acquire a repertoire of behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. Occurs through drill and guided practice. Promoted by repetition and positive reinforcement. Instruction must provide correct stimuli followed immediately by reinforcements that will produce desired behaviors. Tiwanna Chambliss Classical Conditioning- A process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response. Tiwanna Chambliss
Classroom - A location where instruction (including self instruction) and learning takes place; not required to have 4 walls or [[#|desks]]. Many classrooms are now located in cyberspace. Shannon Hollins
Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA):Techniques and strategies that are best suited to capture the explicit and implicit knowledge that experts use to perform complex tasks and often used to create systems and simulations. Jacqueline Love
Constructivism (learning): Theory of learning that supports concept(s) that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. The student plays an active role in the learning process, while the instructor provides support, rather than additional facts to facilitate learning. Jim Pappas
The Learning Theory of Constructivism was by Piaget. Piaget says that we must put in the effort to learn instead of absorbing information. We learn through active enagement like "little scientists". He states that all learning is constructed no matter how one learns it and combining that knowledge with already existing schemas. Andra Barget
Criterion-referenced measures: First used by Robert Glaser (1963 Glaser and Klaus, 1962) was first to use this term. They could be used to asess student entry-level behavior and to determine the extent to which students had acquired the behaviors an instructional program was designed to teach. Michelle Curmi-Gould
Data Collection Tools: Hardware and software that enable the user to gather data. Examples are: Classroom response systems, Probeware, USB microscopes. Nicole Copeland
Distance Learning – This is a way to deliver education to students who are not physically present in the classroom. It is also referred to as education when the information and the learner are separated by time or distance. Martina Mileski
Domain Referenced Asessment-It is not practical or even possible to test master of large areas of underlying content knowledge or expertise, preparations problems are frequently assessed by sampling from a domain of potential terms, concepts, and principles that represent critical content underlying an area of study. Michelle Curmi-Gould Domain Sampling: A process of selecting test items that represent a specific area of study. Dave Bowers Electronic Performance Support Systems-are computer based systems designed to provide workers with the help they need to perform certain job tasks, at the time they need that help, and in the form it would be most helpful. Michelle Curmi-Gould Formative Assessment: In the mid-1960s, Michael Scriven noticed the need for a "tryout and revision process" of materials that were being taught to learners. Formative Assessment gives a way to evaluate the effectiveness of the materials being taught while they are still in the "formative stage" and revise them if necessary before reaching their final form. Melissa Low
Gagne, Robert: American psychologist that worked during WWII to set up proper [[#|training]] for military. After great success, he took to solving and better understanding instructional problems. He believed there were different types of learning and created the "conditions of learning". He believed the central focus was the learner. He played a pivotal role in helping to develop better instructional design. 1916-2002. Whitney Male
Information Processing Theory – refers to the idea that humans process the information they receive rather than responding to stimuli. Information processing compares the learners mind to a computer where it brings information in, manipulates information, and then holding information for future use. – Martina Mileski
Knowlege Management: involves identifying, documenting, and disseminating explicit and tacit knowledge within an organization in order to improve the performance of that organization. Michelle Curmi-Gould
Long Term Memory: This is information that is stored in our brains but we are mostly unaware of it. When the information is needed, we are able to recall it. Information stored in your long-term memory can be stored for days or even decades. Freud called this memory your preconscious or unconscious memory. Katie Cothery
Meta-Cognition: This concept refers to one's knowledge about one's own learning. Updates to Bloom's Taxonomy require that, as educators design instruction and plan new curriculum, they consider how learners think about their own cognitive processes. In other words, educators must consider how learners regulate their own thinking, how they process information. Joe Sinn
Microcomputer Revolution: In the late 80's, author Dr. Roblyer described the term as the popularity of implementing computers in [[#|schools]]. At that time, when computers were gaining popularity for instructional use, the author stated that the true impact of technology on students was not yet known. Initial research during the microcomputer revolution showed that computers statistically had a positive effect in most [[#|academic]] areas. However, for example, researchers in the 1980’s found that computer application use had a greater impact on college and [[#|adult education]] versus elementary and secondary levels. Jessica Noguera
Multimedia: Software that enables the user to create or access visual images, text, and sound in one product. Examples of multimedia tools are: iMovie, Microsoft Movie Maker, Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft PowerPoint, Impress, and KidPix Studio. Nicole Copeland
New Bloom's Taxonomies: New levels of Bloom's Taxonomies established by Anderson and Krathwohl that has more of a technology focus to them. Uses human cognition and learning theories to extend Bloom's original levels. The new levels, from low to high are: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create. Mike Kowalski. The New Bloom's Taxonomies also introduced the use of verbs, rather than the previously used nouns, to describe the new levels; this effectively reflects learning as an cognitive act, something to participate in constructively, rather than an passive state of being. Gayle Mercer
Nine Events of Instruction: Robert Gagne is known for his development of the Nine Events of Instruction. The nine events are (1) Gain Attention (2) Inform the Learner of Objective (3) Recall Prior Knowledge (4) Present Material (5) Provide Guided Learning (6) Elicit Performance (7) Provided Feedback (8) Assess Performance and (9) Enhance Retention and Transfer. Melissa Low Norm-Referenced Assessment – This is an assessment which provides data that allows for individual or group performance to be compared to the data of a bigger group. Tony Reinke Operant Conditioning: B. F. Skinner used this term to describe the effects of the consequences of a certain behavior on the future occurence of that same behavior. The four types of Operant Conditioning are: Positive Reinforcement and Negative Reinforcement(they strengthen behavior) and Punishment and Extinction(they weaken behavior). Andrea Harden
Performance Technology Movement: Movement from the late 1980s-early 1990s which emphasized front-end analysis, on-the-job performance, business results, and non-instructional solutions to performance problems. This movement broadened the scope of instructional design by challenging instructional designers to conduct more careful analyses of the causes of performance problems, concluding that poor training (or lack thereof) was not always the cause. Joe Sinn
Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction: Robert Magner wrote this book in the 1960s. This book is a tool for teachers to use to write effective objectives. This book is quite popular and has sold over 1.5 million copies. This books shows educators how to write objectives with the three most important elements (behaviors, conditions, and criteria). Brenda Mitchell
Programmed Instruction Movement: B.F Skinner 1950-1960. Movement that presented programmed materials in small increments, utilized constant questioning throughout a process and provided immediate feedback. Permitted learner to set the pace. Small steps allowed for correct answers throughout the process, which then allowed for positive reinforcement. We now refer to this as formative assessment. Whitney Male
Preparation Domain:The middle of the instructional problem, problems that fall near the center are not as focused or easily measured as the training problems, but they still represent more readily definable ranges of needs than the education problems. Jacqueline Love
Rapid prototyping: is another trend that had an effect on instructional design practices in recent years. This process involves quickly developing a prototype product in the very early stages of an instructional design project and then going through a series of rapid tryout and revision cycles until an acceptable version of the product is produced (gustafson & Branch, 1997a). Michelle Curmi-Gould
Recycling: Recycling is a step under the Evaluate phase of the ADDIE Model from the ISU [[#|College of Education]]. Recycling is the 6th and final step for formative evaluation, before the process starts back at the beginning. Recycling requires making revisions, retesting instruction, removing weakness and then putting the instruction back into process. The cycle repeats to evaluate instructional design. For example, this is done with new educational software. Teachers will make suggestions for improvement, revisions are made and retested, weaknesses are removed and the software is implemented back into the classroom - thus recycling. Jessica Noguera
Self-efficacy: A person's belief in their ability to succeed in whatever they are doing.Andrea Harden
Short Term Memory: Short term memory is the information we are currently thinking about. Information kept in your short term memory will last about 20 to 30 seconds. Freud called this memory your conscious memory. Katie Cothery
Social Cognitive Theory (education): Theory of learning that emphasises learning through social behaviors and much of what is learned is gained through observation and practice. Jim Pappas
Sputnik: The first orbiting satellite launched by the Soviet Union. Began a series of events that would have a major impoact on the instructional design process. Michelle Curmi-Gould Sputnik started the space age during the Cold War. It was launched in October of 1957. It started a new military, political, technological, and scientific developments. Andra Barget After its launch, and despite its rather obvious inoffensive purpose (it was not manned, weaponized, etc.--my high school science teacher claimed it did nothing but "ping" in space), Sputnick came to represent a threat by the Soviet bloc to the United States and all things red, white, and blue. The launch of this satellite proved to be a catalyst for the American educational system as well as the beginning of the Space Race--as a device that spawned a movement, the traditional American public school educational system was subjected to alterations in its pedagogical purposes to emphasis science and math in classrooms nationwide so American students would not "fall behind" the Soviets. To some, the advent of governmental intrusion into the US educational system and one that proved to be completely ineffectual--US students still lag in science and math, although we do design the coolest cars, motorcycles, and other stuff that relies upon science and math. Gayle Mercer
Summative Evaluation: Process of collecting data after implementing a project or formative assessment. This is used to determine its effectiveness. The summative evaluation allows for a complete analysis or the learning goals. It gives feedback. It measures the transfer of knowledge, learning outcomes, cost factors, and the learner’s attitude. Lisa Graham
Taxonomy of Educational Objective:A behavioristic hierarchy of learning outcomes developed and made popular by Benjamin Bloom. He believed tests should be designed to assess each level of expected outcome, which would play a large role in instructional design. Mike Kowalski
The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching: an article written by Skinner in 1954. Began a minor revolution in the education field. The article discussed ways to increase human learning in more effective ways. Brenda Mitchell
Vicarious Reinforcement: Reinforcement that occurs by watching somebody else that is being reinforced. Humans are more likely to repeat behaviors that they see other people being rewarded for and avoid behaviors that they see others disciplined for. Dave Bowers
A Glossary of Terms
Please use the following format when adding to the glossary. Also, please try to enter your terms in alphabetical order.
Please write your name next to your entry.
Term: definition
To input your glossary term, place your cursor at the end of the definition or term you want to alphabetically follow, and press enter twice before typing your term in to [[#|create space]] for your entry.
Glossary of Terms EDU 643
IMPORTANT Message: please feel free to add more details to the definitions already listed below and/or others. Add your own contribution by entering your name -- using your own words so everyone can benefit :-).
Accommodations - Can take place during the assessment process and are actions that allow for students with disabilities or special needs the opportunity to succeed. Tony Reinke
ADDIE: This is a [[#|instructional]] [[#|systems design]] model (ISD). It stands for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. Analyse- instructional problem is clarified, goals and objectives are defined, and the environment and lerner characteristics are identified. Design- instructional strategies are disnged and media choices are made. Development- materials are made. Implement- testing of prototypes, creating the project and [[#|training]] learning and instructors. Evaluation- formative evaluations in each stage and summative evaluation tests for criterion-related referenced items to provide feedback from users. Andra Barget
Analyze Phase (ADDIE Model): In this phase components such as the audience, instructional goals, instructional objectives, delivery options, competency, the timeline, learning differences, and pedagogical considerations are all determined prior to the next phase of development. Lisa Graham
ARCS model: This [[#|instructional design]] model was created by John Keller in the 1980’s. The ARCS model, which focuses on the motivational aspects of the learning environment, has two major parts. The first part consists of categories of motivation, which are “arousing interest, creating relevance, developing an expectancy of success, and producing satisfaction through intrinsic/extrinsic rewards” (Keller, 1983). The second part consists of a process in which appropriate motivators are designed specifically for student learners. Jessica Noguera
Behaviorism- Based on the belief by John B. Watson that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. A theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning (classical & operant). A body of knowledge to acquire a repertoire of behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. Occurs through drill and guided practice. Promoted by repetition and positive reinforcement. Instruction must provide correct stimuli followed immediately by reinforcements that will produce desired behaviors. Tiwanna Chambliss
Classical Conditioning- A process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response. Tiwanna Chambliss
Classroom - A location where instruction (including self instruction) and learning takes place; not required to have 4 walls or [[#|desks]]. Many classrooms are now located in cyberspace. Shannon Hollins
Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA): Techniques and strategies that are best suited to capture the explicit and implicit knowledge that experts use to perform complex tasks and often used to create systems and simulations. Jacqueline Love
Constructivism (learning): Theory of learning that supports concept(s) that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. The student plays an active role in the learning process, while the instructor provides support, rather than additional facts to facilitate learning. Jim Pappas
The Learning Theory of Constructivism was by Piaget. Piaget says that we must put in the effort to learn instead of absorbing information. We learn through active enagement like "little scientists". He states that all learning is constructed no matter how one learns it and combining that knowledge with already existing schemas. Andra Barget
Criterion-referenced measures: First used by Robert Glaser (1963 Glaser and Klaus, 1962) was first to use this term. They could be used to asess student entry-level behavior and to determine the extent to which students had acquired the behaviors an instructional program was designed to teach. Michelle Curmi-Gould
Data Collection Tools: Hardware and software that enable the user to gather data. Examples are: Classroom response systems, Probeware, USB microscopes. Nicole Copeland
Distance Learning – This is a way to deliver education to students who are not physically present in the classroom. It is also referred to as education when the information and the learner are separated by time or distance. Martina Mileski
Domain Referenced Asessment-It is not practical or even possible to test master of large areas of underlying content knowledge or expertise, preparations problems are frequently assessed by sampling from a domain of potential terms, concepts, and principles that represent critical content underlying an area of study. Michelle Curmi-Gould
Domain Sampling: A process of selecting test items that represent a specific area of study. Dave Bowers
Electronic Performance Support Systems-are computer based systems designed to provide workers with the help they need to perform certain job tasks, at the time they need that help, and in the form it would be most helpful. Michelle Curmi-Gould
Formative Assessment: In the mid-1960s, Michael Scriven noticed the need for a "tryout and revision process" of materials that were being taught to learners. Formative Assessment gives a way to evaluate the effectiveness of the materials being taught while they are still in the "formative stage" and revise them if necessary before reaching their final form. Melissa Low
Gagne, Robert: American psychologist that worked during WWII to set up proper [[#|training]] for military. After great success, he took to solving and better understanding instructional problems. He believed there were different types of learning and created the "conditions of learning". He believed the central focus was the learner. He played a pivotal role in helping to develop better instructional design. 1916-2002. Whitney Male
Information Processing Theory – refers to the idea that humans process the information they receive rather than responding to stimuli. Information processing compares the learners mind to a computer where it brings information in, manipulates information, and then holding information for future use. – Martina Mileski
Knowlege Management: involves identifying, documenting, and disseminating explicit and tacit knowledge within an organization in order to improve the performance of that organization. Michelle Curmi-Gould
Long Term Memory: This is information that is stored in our brains but we are mostly unaware of it. When the information is needed, we are able to recall it. Information stored in your long-term memory can be stored for days or even decades. Freud called this memory your preconscious or unconscious memory. Katie Cothery
Meta-Cognition: This concept refers to one's knowledge about one's own learning. Updates to Bloom's Taxonomy require that, as educators design instruction and plan new curriculum, they consider how learners think about their own cognitive processes. In other words, educators must consider how learners regulate their own thinking, how they process information. Joe Sinn
Microcomputer Revolution: In the late 80's, author Dr. Roblyer described the term as the popularity of implementing computers in [[#|schools]]. At that time, when computers were gaining popularity for instructional use, the author stated that the true impact of technology on students was not yet known. Initial research during the microcomputer revolution showed that computers statistically had a positive effect in most [[#|academic]] areas. However, for example, researchers in the 1980’s found that computer application use had a greater impact on college and [[#|adult education]] versus elementary and secondary levels. Jessica Noguera
Multimedia: Software that enables the user to create or access visual images, text, and sound in one product. Examples of multimedia tools are: iMovie, Microsoft Movie Maker, Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft PowerPoint, Impress, and KidPix Studio. Nicole Copeland
New Bloom's Taxonomies: New levels of Bloom's Taxonomies established by Anderson and Krathwohl that has more of a technology focus to them. Uses human cognition and learning theories to extend Bloom's original levels. The new levels, from low to high are: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create. Mike Kowalski. The New Bloom's Taxonomies also introduced the use of verbs, rather than the previously used nouns, to describe the new levels; this effectively reflects learning as an cognitive act, something to participate in constructively, rather than an passive state of being. Gayle Mercer
Nine Events of Instruction: Robert Gagne is known for his development of the Nine Events of Instruction. The nine events are (1) Gain Attention (2) Inform the Learner of Objective (3) Recall Prior Knowledge (4) Present Material (5) Provide Guided Learning (6) Elicit Performance (7) Provided Feedback (8) Assess Performance and (9) Enhance Retention and Transfer. Melissa Low
Norm-Referenced Assessment – This is an assessment which provides data that allows for individual or group performance to be compared to the data of a bigger group. Tony Reinke
Operant Conditioning: B. F. Skinner used this term to describe the effects of the consequences of a certain behavior on the future occurence of that same behavior. The four types of Operant Conditioning are: Positive Reinforcement and Negative Reinforcement(they strengthen behavior) and Punishment and Extinction(they weaken behavior). Andrea Harden
Performance Technology Movement: Movement from the late 1980s-early 1990s which emphasized front-end analysis, on-the-job performance, business results, and non-instructional solutions to performance problems. This movement broadened the scope of instructional design by challenging instructional designers to conduct more careful analyses of the causes of performance problems, concluding that poor training (or lack thereof) was not always the cause. Joe Sinn
Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction: Robert Magner wrote this book in the 1960s. This book is a tool for teachers to use to write effective objectives. This book is quite popular and has sold over 1.5 million copies. This books shows educators how to write objectives with the three most important elements (behaviors, conditions, and criteria). Brenda Mitchell
Programmed Instruction Movement: B.F Skinner 1950-1960. Movement that presented programmed materials in small increments, utilized constant questioning throughout a process and provided immediate feedback. Permitted learner to set the pace. Small steps allowed for correct answers throughout the process, which then allowed for positive reinforcement. We now refer to this as formative assessment. Whitney Male
Preparation Domain: The middle of the instructional problem, problems that fall near the center are not as focused or easily measured as the training problems, but they still represent more readily definable ranges of needs than the education problems. Jacqueline Love
Rapid prototyping: is another trend that had an effect on instructional design practices in recent years. This process involves quickly developing a prototype product in the very early stages of an instructional design project and then going through a series of rapid tryout and revision cycles until an acceptable version of the product is produced (gustafson & Branch, 1997a). Michelle Curmi-Gould
Recycling: Recycling is a step under the Evaluate phase of the ADDIE Model from the ISU [[#|College of Education]]. Recycling is the 6th and final step for formative evaluation, before the process starts back at the beginning. Recycling requires making revisions, retesting instruction, removing weakness and then putting the instruction back into process. The cycle repeats to evaluate instructional design. For example, this is done with new educational software. Teachers will make suggestions for improvement, revisions are made and retested, weaknesses are removed and the software is implemented back into the classroom - thus recycling. Jessica Noguera
Self-efficacy: A person's belief in their ability to succeed in whatever they are doing.Andrea Harden
Short Term Memory: Short term memory is the information we are currently thinking about. Information kept in your short term memory will last about 20 to 30 seconds. Freud called this memory your conscious memory. Katie Cothery
Social Cognitive Theory (education): Theory of learning that emphasises learning through social behaviors and much of what is learned is gained through observation and practice. Jim Pappas
Sputnik: The first orbiting satellite launched by the Soviet Union. Began a series of events that would have a major impoact on the instructional design process. Michelle Curmi-Gould Sputnik started the space age during the Cold War. It was launched in October of 1957. It started a new military, political, technological, and scientific developments. Andra Barget After its launch, and despite its rather obvious inoffensive purpose (it was not manned, weaponized, etc.--my high school science teacher claimed it did nothing but "ping" in space), Sputnick came to represent a threat by the Soviet bloc to the United States and all things red, white, and blue. The launch of this satellite proved to be a catalyst for the American educational system as well as the beginning of the Space Race--as a device that spawned a movement, the traditional American public school educational system was subjected to alterations in its pedagogical purposes to emphasis science and math in classrooms nationwide so American students would not "fall behind" the Soviets. To some, the advent of governmental intrusion into the US educational system and one that proved to be completely ineffectual--US students still lag in science and math, although we do design the coolest cars, motorcycles, and other stuff that relies upon science and math. Gayle Mercer
Summative Evaluation: Process of collecting data after implementing a project or formative assessment. This is used to determine its effectiveness. The summative evaluation allows for a complete analysis or the learning goals. It gives feedback. It measures the transfer of knowledge, learning outcomes, cost factors, and the learner’s attitude. Lisa Graham
Taxonomy of Educational Objective:A behavioristic hierarchy of learning outcomes developed and made popular by Benjamin Bloom. He believed tests should be designed to assess each level of expected outcome, which would play a large role in instructional design. Mike Kowalski
The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching: an article written by Skinner in 1954. Began a minor revolution in the education field. The article discussed ways to increase human learning in more effective ways. Brenda Mitchell
Vicarious Reinforcement: Reinforcement that occurs by watching somebody else that is being reinforced. Humans are more likely to repeat behaviors that they see other people being rewarded for and avoid behaviors that they see others disciplined for. Dave Bowers